Be a Smart Learner

The social learning methodology integrates both the behavioral and cognitive approaches despite the fact that it is swayed more by the cognitive approach than the behavioral approach. Like the behavioristic framework, the social learning concept believes behavior as the appropriate unit of analysis. According to the social learning framework, people are self-aware and make efforts in the direction of conscientious behavior. They gain knowledge of the environment and accordingly alter and construct it in a manner that is most suitable to them. Albert Bandura explained behavior as a constant reciprocal communication among behavioral, cognitive and environmental determinants. According to him, the individual through his/ her actions generates an environmental condition that in turn affects his/ her behavior. He also explained that the environmental situation does not unavoidably arouse an individual to react; rather, it is the mutual interaction between the environment and the individua

Decisional Roles On the basis of a study of Henry Mintzberg on five executives to determine the set of attributes or behavior of the managers, he grouped 10 roles of the manager into interpersonal, informational and decision. In the following paragraph we would be discussing the decisions roles in detail. Under the decision roles or decision-making roles, Mintzberg included fur roles which are following: ·        Entrepreneur Role ·        Disturbance Handler ·        Resource Allocator ·        Negotiator Under the entrepreneurial role the manager is expected to initiate the change like implementing new strategies with the organization. The disturbance handler helps in settling the disputes between the parties or other managers or its subordinates. The resource allocator allocates the resources within the organization between the various individuals and groups which could improvise the efficiency. The negotiator represents the organization in reaching agreements with oth

Conceptual Skills : Conceptual skills necessitate an aptitude to recognize the level of difficulty in a given circumstances and to diminish that intricacy to an extent at which particular courses of action can be achieved. Examples of conditions that involve conceptual skills contain the course of laws that have an effect on hiring model in an organization, a competitor's alteration in marketing strategy, or the restructuring of one division which eventually influence the actions of other divisions in the organization. Conceptual skills are the capabilities of a manager to sense in the conceptual. A manager with strong conceptual skills is proficient to see the “big picture”. That is, he or she can make out prospects where others see roadblocks or tribulations. For example, after Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs built a small computer of their own design in a garage, Wozniak basically saw a new toy that could be fiddled with. Jobs, however, saw far more and persuaded his partner that

Measured cell emf are the mainly the basis for standard electrode potentials. chemistry assignments A method for the presentation of the data obtained from measurements of the equilibrium emf of electrochemical cells must now be developed. One expects (a thermodynamic proof of this is given in the description) that varying the concentration of any reagents involved in the electrode process will affect the emf of the cell. In view of this, the emfs of the cell with the reagents at standard states are reported. In keeping with standard states introduced with these standard state conditions are again chosen to consist of gases at unit activity, implying for most gases approximately 1 bar pressure, and solutes also at unit activity. For solutes, which for electrochemical cells are frequently ions, the activities can be appreciably different from molar concentrations. How activity coefficients can be determined to recognize that a standard state is chosen and that the emf’s that cells woul

Macroeconomics ,  Managerial Economics Industrial Policy and Industrial Licensing Policy Government has been formulating policy resolutions from time to time to delineate the role of the public, private and joint sector of the economy. The Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 made 17 industries in Schedule A, as the exclusive responsibility of the State, 12 industries in Schedule B were to be progressively owned by the State and the rest were left for the functioning of the private sector. The role of the small scale sector was recognised by the government. The decade of eighties witnessed liberalisation. A scheme of broad banding was introduced and some industries were de licensed. New Industrial policy (NIP) was announced in 1991 along with economic reforms. The NIP marks the end of old policy regime and the beginning of new era in government's approach towards the control and management of the industrial sector. The departure from the old industrial policy is of drastic nature

Economics >> Pricing under Monopolistic Competition As a result of product differentiation, customers tend to build brand loyalty so that competing firms have some control over the price. Because competing products are close substitutes, demand is relatively elastic, but not perfectly elastic, as in perfect competition. The firm has some discretion in raising price without losing its entire market to competitors. Conversely, lowering price will induce additional (but not unlimited) sales. In the short run, the seller can increase the price slightly if there are a number of producers with close substitutes. Similarly, a small decrease in price can attract more customers. Sales can also be increased through advertisement and by undertaking sales promotion techniques. Short run: short run equilibrium of a monopolistically competitive firm. Long run: In the long run, free entry and exit ensures that all firms earn zero economic profits. New firms will enter industry attracted by th

Explanation of Law of Demand Downward sloping demand curve is a fundamental proposition of consumer demand theory. The revealed preference approach explains this simply from an analysis of the way a 'rational' consumer would behave without observing the spending pattern of an actual consumer as under indifference curves.  An analysis shows that price and quantity are negatively correlated as substitution effect and income effect reinforce each other. This is so because substitution effect can never work to reduce the consumers' purchases of a good whose price has fallen, that is, it can never be negative. This could be possible only if the consumer chooses A in A-situation when all points on line MA were open to him and now chooses a point between SA. But this situation is inconsistent. The income effect however may be negative. Thus: • if the positive substitution effect is big, and the negative income effect weak, the demand curve will slope downwards, and • if the nega

Importance of Capital Budgeting decisions Capital budgeting decision is a vital part of financial management, as it involves huge capital investment. Many researches have been undertaken in this field to know the best method of Capital budgeting decision.  The result of some of the literature review and surveys shows the following results:             Research conducted by Uma.V Sridharan and Ulrich Schuele (2008) about the Capital Budgeting decisions of German Managers shows that small firms prefer payback period method as the best method and Internal Rate of return is regarded as the second best capital budgeting evaluation method.  While the large firms prefer NPV method as the best and the second best method is internal rate of return method.  Even in case of risk factors both high risk & low risk firm prefer NPV and IRR methods.             The study conducted by Alaba Femi Awomewe & Oludele Olawale, Ogundele (2008) also shows the importance of payback period method in ca

Objectives of the Firm 1. Rothschild (1947) suggested yet another alternative goal pursued by the firm. According to him, long run survival is a primary goal of the firm, this objective of the firm is to satisfy the interests of the managers and shareholders by aiming at organisational security and stability. The owners will be assured of a source of earning in future and managers will be assured of job security. 2 Stackleberg regards stable market shares and reasonable regular flow of profit attached to it as the main objective of oligopoly firms. They try to prevent entry of new firms into the industry to maintain their profits and .market share. 3. Fellnex is of the view that firms are interested 'safety margin' particularly when there are a few firms. 4. Scitovsky is of the view that firms trade-off between profit and leisure. They try to maintain an ideal combination of profit and leisure to achieve organisational safety and security. 5. Cooper regards 'maintenance of

What is  Accounting for Fixed Assets A main distinction is performed in accounting between those current assets and fixed assets. The current assets are those which form a part of the circulating capital of a business. The current assets are replaced frequently and converted into cash during the course of trading. The most common current assets are trade debtors, stocks, and cash. The compare current assets with fixed assets and a fixed asset is asset of a business intended for continuing use, rather than short-term, temporary asset like as stocks. The fixed assets may be classified in a company balance sheet as tangible, intangible, or investments. For examples of intangible assets include patents, goodwill, and trademarks. And more examples of tangible fixed assets involves land & buildings, plant or machinery, fixtures & fittings, motor vehicles or IT equipment.

There are many ways to handle string data, but the two most often seen are; 1. C style. Each string is preallocated a block of memory. This limits the length of the string and causes problems if you try to write more characters than that maximum. The actual end of the current string is marked by a null (0) byte, and a common C programmer’s error is forgetting to allow an extra byte in the string declaration to hold that null. This is simple to compile but it invites you to shoot yourself in the foot. A C programmer should explicitly test the length of a string before every statement that might increase the length of the string. Failure to do this is what allows the common “buffer overrun’ hack that plagues so many C-implemented internet applications. 2. Microsoft BASIC style. Each string has a fixed length string descriptor containing the current length of the string and the address of the first byte of the value of the string, which is kept in a heap called “string space.” A string

This is necessary to have some formal way for constructing a program that it can be built efficiently & reliably. The research has shown, this can be done best by decomposing program into appropriate small modules that can themselves be write & tested before being included into larger modules that are in turn constructed & tested. The alternative is creating that was often called sphaghetti code due to it’s tangled of statements & jumps. Many expensive failed projects have demonstrated yet much you like to eat sphaghetti, using it as model for program creation is not a good idea! This is rather understandable that if we come apart any task into a number of smaller tasks that can be completed individually the supervision of the larger task becomes easier. Thus, we require a formal basis for partitioning our large module into smaller ones. The notion of abstraction is very useful here. Abstractions are upper level views of objects or functions that enable us to forget ab