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Table spaces and Types of table spaces A tablespace is a box for messages (tables, spiders, etc). A collection involves one or more tablespaces, each created up of one or more information. Furniture and spiders are designed within a particular tablespace. Oracle has a control of 64,000 information per collection. Default tablespaces When a new collection is designed, it will have the following tablespaces (as designed by the Database Settings Assistant): SYSTEM (the information dictionary) SYSAUX (optional collection components) TEMP (temporary tablespace, see tablespace kinds below) UNDOTBS1 (undo tablespace, see tablespace kinds below) USERS (default people tablespace created) Tablespace creation To create tablespace in CREATE TABLESPACE statement uses this syntax:- CREATE TABLESPACE <tblspc_name>; Tablespace types Permanent tablespaces Lasting tablespaces are used to store person data and person designed physical objects like furniture, spiders and materializ...

Measuring Inflation There are two common methods of measuring inflation: (i) percentage change in price index numbers(PIN), and (ii) change in GNP deflator. The two methods of measuring inflation are discussed below. Measuring inflation by PIN The following formula is used for measuring the rate of inflation through the change in the PIN. Rate of inflation = PINt = PINt-1 / PINt-1 x 100 Where PIN, in the price index number in the year selected for measuring inflation in the PINt-1 is the price index number in the preceding year. The two widely used PIN s are wholesale price index (WPI), also called producer price index (PPI), and consumer price index (CPI). WPI is used measure the general rate of inflation and CPI is used to measure the change in the cost of living. In order to illustrate the measurement of inflation, let us use price index number in India in the early1990s. The WPI (1999 – 2000 = 100) for all commodities increased from 134.6 in 2005 -06 to 141.9 in 2006-...

X-ray Diffraction When an x-ray beam is passed through a crystal, the scattering can be treated on the basis of the interference of the waves reflected from the crystal planes. The general principle of diffraction methods depends on the phenomenon of interference, which occurs when any wave motion is scattered from a number of centers. This phenomenon is exhibited by visible radiation when a beam of light passes through a series of closely spaced slits. If the light is monochromatic, i.e. consists of radiation of only a single wavelength, the waves that we ascribe to the light emerging from the slits will add in only certain directions. In these directions constructive interference is said to occur, and at these directions a beam of diffracted light will appear. At other directions the diffracted waves will be out of phase to various extents, destructive interferences will occur, and les light will be seen. For the pattern of scattering by the slits it is easy to see, that constructiv...

  Following are the principal sources of capital reserve (i) Premium on issue of shares and debentures. (ii) Profit on sale of a fixed asset. (iii) Profit on revolution of assets and liabilities. (iv) Profit on forfeiture and re-issue of forfeited shares. (v) Profit on redemption of debentures at a discount. (vi) Profit earned by a company prior to its incorporation. Presentation: capital reserve is shown on the liabilities side of balance sheet under the head reserves and surplus.                                                       Difference between reserves CapitaLand capital reserve Basis of difference Reserve capital Capital reserve Meaning It means that certain portion of uncalled share capital which shall not ...

Demand Supply Interaction To determining the price of a factor of production we need both the demand curve and the supply curve of the factor of production. In fig. DD is the demand curve and SS is the supply curve of the factor of production. Now the equilibrium price of the factor of production will be determined by the point of interaction of the demand and supply curves. In the fig at point E the two curves interact each other and therefore the equilibrium price and remuneration of the factor will be less than its supply. In the case the competition among the sellers of factor will be tend to reduce the price to OW the demand for the factor will be greater than the supply of it the competition among the buyers of factor will tend to increase the price to OW at which the demand and supply of the factor of production will be equal. Assumptions: the modern theory of distribution is based on certain assumptions. They are as follows: (i) These exists perfect competition is commodity and...

Code Review Necessity Simply put, a code review is carefully glancing through the source code of a program already written by somebody else. Generally, one reads through his or her own program several times at the time of writing and particularly once it is done. Is it then still necessary that another person look into one’s program? The answer is undoubtedly YES and is explained in the next few lines. It is human nature to have a sort of affinity to our own creation – like a picture painted, and article written, etc. due to the passionate creativity that goes into it. A software program is no exception. It is precisely for this reason that one tends to fail to spot any mistakes in such a creative work and is incline to reassure oneself over and over again that all is well in that piece of creation. This is due to our natural tendency at a very subtle level to ignore our own mistakes. Legendary scientist Issac Newton is said to be have carved out two holes in his room door for the sm...

Boyle’s law  p ∝ (1 / V) or PV  = constant  Charles’s law of pressure P ∝ V 2 rms or P ∝ T. V 2  rms ∝ T Avogadro’s law at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of all gases cons tin equal number of molecules. Graham’ law of different when two gases at the same pressure and temperature are allowed to diffuse into each other, the rate of diffusion of each gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the density of the gas r 1  / r 2  = √P 2  / p 1 Diffusion coefficient  D = 1 / 3 Ā V average  Dalton’s law of partial pressure the pressure exerted by a mixture of several gases equals the sum of the pressures exited by each gas occupying the same volume as that of the mixture. P = P 1  + P 2  + ……. V average = √8KT / πm = √(8 RT) / π M V most probable = √2KT /m = √2RT/ M Maxwell’s speed distribution dN = 4 πN [ m / 2πKT] 3/2  v 2  e  –mv2  / 2KT dv Van der Waal’s equation of state [P + a / V 2 ]...

Kirchhoff’s law according to this aw, the ratio of emissive power to adsorptive power is same for all surfaces at the same temperature and is equal to the emissive power of a perfectly black body at that temperature. Thus for a body having e and a as emissive and absorptive power e/a = E/ A = E/1 = E Where  E  = emissive power of a black body It implies a  good absorber and is also a good emitter (radiator) Fraunhofer lines they are the dark lines in the spectrum of the sun and are explained on the basis of kirchoff’s law. White light emitted from core (photosphere) of the sun when passes through its atmosphere (chromospheres) radiations of those wavelengths will be absorbed by the gases present there, which they usually emit (in emission spectrum) resulting in dark lines in the spectrum of sun. Stefan’s law radiant energy emitted per unit area per second (or emissive power or intensity) of a black body is directly proportional to the fourth power of temper...

Design and Code Review Any software project efforts, howsoever carefully planned and implemented, still need to be reviewed periodically. So much so, that the pragmatic view considers SDLC not as a straight-line sequential process, but rather as a series of steps with each and every step to be reviewed before the next one in chronological sequence is taken up. The reason behind this need for reviewing the design and code (and all other stages in SDLC for that matter) approach is two-fold. Firstly, the software development aims at simulating the real life processes of the concerned application into cyber world that needs tremendous discerning. There are umpteen aspects that demand simultaneous attention of system designer. Again many of these points are inter-related and hence numbers of dependencies are involved that have to be satisfied. Besides, each issue has its own size-wise and complexity-wise considerations to be looked into. Secondly, being a real life project, software de...

Decision Theory The businessman has to operate in an atmosphere of uncertainty and has to select the best course out of several alternative courses of action that may be available to him. In earlier days, decisions were made mainly on personal judgement. However these days judgement is combined with several quantitative techniques and the best action is arrived at in a given situation. The test of hypothesis procedures in earlier chapter was designed to test a statistical statement about a population (the null hypothesis given a level of significance. The hypothesis testing is sometimes called classical decision theory. In hypothesis testing, the statistical decision is to either accept or reject the null hypothesis. The classical decision procedure has the following three major defects:  First, it provides for only two possible actions which correspond to either acceptance or rejection of the null hypothesis. Also, it allows only two states of the parameter being tested, that ...

Isotopes  Elements having same atomic number Z, but different A mass number for example 126C, 146C and 11H 21H, 31H are isotopes of carbon and hydrogen.  Isotones  Elements having same number of neutrons (N) but different atomic number for example (Z) 42He, 31H. Isobars  elements having same mass number (A) but different atomic number (Z) are called isobars, for example, 146C 147C are isobars. Protons and neutrons together are called nucleons. Stability Criterion  A survey of periodic table carefully reveals that those elements in which  N / Z = 1  or 1.6 are stable. Amongst these, the elements having even N and even Z are the most stable and are termed as magic numbers. The heaviest stable nuclide is 2009Bi83. Lend (2008pb82) is the most stable heaviest element. All transuranic elements finally disintegrate into lead (Pb). The elements or nuclides which decay with time are termed as radioactive nuclides.  The element / nuclide, whose binding ene...